The Noun Phrase

nama                : Deby Chyntiawati

Npm                : 14209202

Kelas               : 4ea14

Mata Kuliah    : Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

THE NOUN PHRASE

Count and Noncount Nouns: Basic Rules

Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

The Basic Rules: Count and Noncount Nouns

A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an “s.” For example, “cat—cats,” “season—seasons,” “student—students.”

A noncount noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form. For example, “milk,” “water,” “air,” “money,” “food.” Usually, you can’t say, “He had many moneys.”

Count and Noncount Nouns with Adjectives

Most of the time, this doesn’t matter with adjectives. For example, you can say, “The cat was gray” or “The air was gray.” However, the difference between a countable and uncountable noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as “some/any,” “much/many,” and “little/few.”

Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns.

• “There is some water on the floor.”
• “There are some students here.”
• “Do you have any food?”
• “Do you have any apples?”

Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modifies only countable nouns.

• “We don’t have much time to get this done.”
• “Many Americans travel to Europe.”

Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns.

• “He had little food in the house.”
• “The doctor had little time to think in the emergency room.”

Few modifies only countable nouns.

• “There are few doctors in town.”
• “Few students like exams.”

Other basic rules

A lot of/lots of: A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.

• “They have lots of (much) money in the bank.”
• “A lot of (many) Americans travel to Europe.”
• “We got lots of (many) mosquitoes last summer.”
• “We got lots of (much) rain last summer.”

A little bit of:A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.

• “There is a little bit of pepper in the soup.”
• “There is a little bit of snow on the ground.”

Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

• “There is enough money to buy a car.”
• “I have enough books to read.”

Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

• “They have plenty of money in the bank.”
• “There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.”

No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

• “There is no time to finish now.”
• “There are no squirrels in the park.”

Contributors:Paul Lynch, Allen Brizee.
Summary:

This handout discusses the differences between count nouns and noncount nouns. Count nouns can be pluralized; noncount nouns cannot.

Count and Noncount Nouns (with Plurals, Articles, and Quantity Words)

Section 1: Definition of Count and Noncount nouns

Count or Noncount?

The main difference between count and noncount nouns is whether you can count the things they refer to or not.

Count nouns refer to things that exist as separate and distinct individual units. They usually refer to what can be perceived by the senses.

Examples:

• table
• finger
• bottle
• chair
• remark
• award
• word
• girl
• candidate

Example sentences:

I stepped in a puddle. (How many puddles did you step in? Just one.)

I drank a glass of milk. (Glasses of milk can be counted)

I saw an apple tree. (Apple trees can be counted)

Noncount nouns refer to things that can’t be counted because they are thought of as wholes that can’t be cut into parts. They often refer to abstractions and occasionally have a collective meaning (for example, furniture).

Examples:

• anger
• courage
• progress
• furniture
• education
• weather
• warmth
• leisure
• precision

Example sentences:

I dove into the water. (How many waters did you dive into? The question doesn’t make any sense; therefore water is noncountable.)

I saw the milk spill. (How many milks? Milk cannot be counted.)

I admired the foliage. (How many foliages? Foliage cannot be counted.)

Think of the batter from which a cake is made. Before you put the batter into the oven, it can’t be divided into parts because it’s a thick liquid. Once it has been baked, it becomes solid enough to be cut into pieces. Noncount nouns are like cake batter; count nouns are like pieces of cake

Note: Since the issue is complicated and almost no rule is absolute, there will be exceptions to the above definitions; however, we can show some general patterns. Bear in mind that what is countable in another language may not be countable in English, and vice versa.

Section 2: Uses of Count and Noncount Nouns

Pluralizing

The Rule

From the definitions of mass and count given above you may have already guessed the rule for pluralizing them:

• most count nouns pluralize with -s
• noncount nouns don’t pluralize at all

This rule works for all of the nouns in the lists of examples in the first section. Check this rule for yourself before reading further.

An Exception to the Rule

For a number of nouns, the rule needs slight revision. Certain nouns in English belong to both classes: they have both a noncount and a count meaning. Normally the noncount meaning is abstract and general and the count meaning concrete and specific. Compare:

Count

• I’ve had some difficulties finding a job. (refers to a number of specific problems)
• The talks will take place in the Krannert building. (refers to a number of specific lectures)
• The city was filled with bright lights and harsh sounds. (refers to a number of specific lights and noises)

Noncount

• She succeeded in school with little difficulty. (refers to the general idea of school being difficult)
• I dislike idle talk. (refers to talking in general)
• Light travels faster than sound. (refers to the way light and sound behave in general)

Note: A special case of the use of noncount nouns in a count sense has to do with classification. Sometimes a usually noncount noun can be understood as one item separate and distinct from other items of the same category. The nouns that function in this way often denote foods and beverages: food(s), drink(s), wine(s), bread(s), coffee(s), fruit(s), and so on. Examples:

• There are several French wines to choose from. (= kinds of wine)
• I prefer Sumatran coffees to Colombian. (= kinds of coffee)
• We use a variety of different batters in our bakery. (= kinds of batter)

A recent entry into this class is homework, which at least among some students has the count plural homeworks in addition to its noncount use. (For example, “You’re missing three of the homeworks from the first part of the course.”) Because this usage is not firmly established and is likely to be considered nonstandard, you should check with your instructor before using it in writing.

A Revision of the Rule

These exceptions require that the rule for pluralizing be revised: count nouns and nouns used in a count sense pluralize; noncount nouns and nouns used in a noncount sense do not.

The two possibilities in each half of the rule require different choices. If you know that a particular noun must be either count or noncount and cannot be both, you need to decide only if it is possible to pluralize the noun. On the other hand, if you know that a particular noun may be used in either a count or noncount sense, then you need to decide whether it is appropriate to pluralize.

To summarize, we may put the rule in a chart, like this:

	Pluralizes with -s	Doesn’t Pluralize
Count Noun	XX
Count Use	XX
Noncount Noun		XX
Noncount Use		XX

Articles

Nouns and Articles

Choosing which article to use (if any) with a noun is a complex matter because the range of choices depends on whether the noun in question is 1) count or noncount and 2) singular or plural. Both count nouns (whether singular or plural) and noncount nouns take articles.

Combinations of Nouns and Articles

The following chart shows which articles go with which kinds of nouns. Notice that this, that, these, and those have been included because, like the, they mark the noun that they modify as definite, which means that the noun refers 1) to a unique individual or 2) to some person, event, or object known to both the writer and reader from their general knowledge or from what has been previously mentioned in a piece of writing.

	a, an	the	this, that	these, those	no article
Count singular	XX	XX	XX
Count plural		XX		XX	XX
Noncount		XX	XX		XX

Examples:

Count Singular:
I ate an apple.
I rode the bus.
Does she live in this house? No, she lives in that house over there.

Count Plural:
I like to feed the birds.
Do you want these books? No, I want those books up there.
Cats are interesting pets.

Noncount:
The water is cold.
This milk is going sour.
Music helps me relax.

Quantity Terms

The following chart shows which quantity words go with which kinds of nouns. Note that quantity words can be used in combinations such as many more, many fewer, much more, and much less, any of which can be preceded by how to form questions or relative clauses. Negatives like not and no can also be applied to many of these terms.

	much, less, little, a little, very little	some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, none of the	many, both, several, few/fewer/fewest, a few, one of the, a couple of	each, every, any, one
Count singular				XX
Count plural		XX	XX
Noncount	XX	XX

Examples:

Count Singular:
I practice every day.
I’d like one donut, please.

Count Plural:
Can I have some chips?
She has a lot of books, and many are autographed.
I have fewer pencils than you.

Noncount:
Can I have some water?
She has a lot of strength, and much is due to her upbringing.
I have less courage than you.

Contributors:Paul Lynch, Allen Brizee.
Summary:

This handout discusses the differences between count nouns and noncount nouns. Count nouns can be pluralized; noncount nouns cannot.

Count and Noncount Nouns (with Articles and Adjectives)

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns refer to things that we can count. Such nouns can take either singular or plural form.

Concrete nouns may be countable.

There are a dozen flowers in the vase.
He ate an apple for a snack.

Collective nouns are countable.

She attended three classes today.
London is home to several orchestras.

Some proper nouns are countable.

There are many Greeks living in New York.
The Vanderbilts would throw lavish parties at their Newport summer mansion.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns refer to things that we cannot count. Such nouns take only singular form.

Abstract nouns are uncountable.

The price of freedom is constant vigilance.
Her writing shows maturity and intelligence.

Some concrete nouns are uncountable (when understood in their undivided sense).

The price of oil has stabilized recently.
May I borrow some rice?

While uncountable nouns do not generally take a plural form, sometimes they may be pluralized when used in a countable sense. The difference between the uncountable and countable meanings of nouns that are used in either sense can be seen in the following chart:

Uncountable Sense	Countable Sense
Art is often called limitation of life.	I read a book aout the folkarts of Sweden.
Life is precious.	A cat has nine lives.
Religion has been a powerful force in history.	Many religions are practiced in the United States.
She has beautiful skin.	The hull of a kayak is made of animal skins.
Dr. Moulton is an expert in ancient Greek sculpture.	We have several sculptures in our home.
We use only recycled paper in our office.	Where are those importantpapers?

Using Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

A countable noun always takes either the indefinite (a, an) or definite (the) article when it is singular. When plural, it takes the definite article if it refers to a definite, specific group and no article if it is used in a general sense.

The guest of honor arrived late.
You are welcome as a guest in our home.
The guests at your party yesterday made a lot of noise.
Guests are welcome here anytime.

Uncountable nouns never take the indefinite article (a or an), but they do take singular verbs. The is sometimes used with uncountable nouns in the same way it is used with plural countable nouns, that is, to refer to a specific object, group, or idea.

Information is a precious commodity in our computerized world.
The information in your files is correct.
Sugar has become more expensive recently.
Please pass me the sugar.

Categories of Uncountable Nouns

Abstract	Material	Generic	Non-Plurals with –s
advice help information knowledge trouble work enjoyment fun recreation relaxation	meat rice bread cake coffee ice cream water oil grass hair	fruit wildlife equipment machinery furniture mail luggage jewelry clothing money	mathematics economics physics civics ethics mumps measles news tennis (other games)

Quantity Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Some, Any

Both words modify either countable or uncountable nouns.

There are some cookies in the jar. (countable)
There is some water on the floor. (uncountable)
Did you eat any food? (uncountable)
Do you serve any vegetarian dishes? (countable)

Much, Many

Much modifies only uncountable nouns.

How much money will we need?
They ate so much cake that they started to feel sick.
Much effort will be required to solve this problem.

Many modifies only countable nouns.

How many children do you have?
They had so many books that they had to stack them in the hall.
Many Americans travel to Europe each year.

A lot of, Lots of

These words are informal substitutes for much and many.

Lots of effort will be required to solve this problem. (uncountable)
A lot of Americans travel to Europe each year. (countable)

Little, Quite a little, Few, Quite a few

Little and quite a littlemodify only uncountable nouns.

We had a little ice cream after dinner.
They offered little help for my problem. (meaning “only a small amount”)
They offered quite a little help for my problem. (meaning “a large amount”) (See quite a bit of, below.)

Few and quite a few modify only countable nouns.

A few doctors from the hospital play on the softball team.
Few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes. (meaning “only a small number”)
Quite a few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes. (meaning “a large number”)

A little bit of, Quite a bit of

These informal phrases usually precede uncountable nouns. Quite a bit of has the same meaning as quite a little and is used more commonly.

There’s a little bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning “a small amount”)
There’s quite a bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning “a large amount”)

Enough

This word modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

I don’t have enough potatoes to make the soup.
We have enough money to buy a car.

Plenty of

This term modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

There are plenty of mountains in Switzerland.
She has plenty of money in the bank.

No

This word modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

There were no squirrels in the park today.
We have no time left to finish the project.

Sumber            : http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/541

TUGAS SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

Nama                     : Deby Chyntiawati

Npm                       :14209202

Kelas                      :  4ea14

Mata Kuliah      : Bahasa Inggris 2

 

The Little Mermaid

Deep under the sea, colourful fishes glide among strange plants which wave gently to and fro in the crystal-clear water. In the deepest part which no human has ever visited, the mer-people live. The mer-king’s palace has coral walls and a roof of oyster shells which open and close gently with the waves, each one hiding a gleaming pearl. Now the mer-king

had six beautiful daughters but the youngest mermaid was the loveliest of all. Her eyes were deepest sea-blue, her skin like a rose petal and the scales on her mermaid tail shone like precious jewels.

The mermaid loved hearing about the world above the sea which her grandmother described to her.

“When you are fifteen,” her grandmother said, “you may swim to the top of the ocean and see these wonderful things for yourself.”

How impatiently she waited for her fifteenth birthday. At last the clay arrived. She

combed her long golden hair, she polished the scales on her tail, then waving to her sisters she put her arms together and glided, up, up through the waves.

When she lifted her head above the water, she saw a big sailing ship with a large anchor and chain holding it firmly in place. She noticed sailors lighting pretty lanterns along the deck: The mermaid swam swiftly to a porthole in the captain’s cabin and when the waves lifted her up, she peeped inside. There were many fine gentlemen but the finest of all was a prince. He was laughing and shaking hands with everyone while soft music played. She had never seen anyone like him before. She could not keep her eyes away from him.

Suddenly the sky darkened and the ship started to roll. The waves grew mountainous, thunder rolled around and the ship was tossed up and then plunged clown into the stormy seas. Then the ship’s mast snapped and the ship rolled right over and started to sink. At first the mermaid felt happy for now the prince would sink to her father’s palace.

“But humans can’t live under the sea,” she remembered. “I must save his life somehow.” And she swam through the wreckage until she spied the prince, just as he was slipping beneath the waves. His eyes were closed for he had no strength left. He was drowning. Quickly, the mermaid seized his head and held it above water. Then she rested on a huge wave and let it carry her and the prince safely away from the wrecked ship.

When morning came the storm died away and the warm sun appeared. The mermaid still held the prince but he did not move. She touched his face gently and kissed his cold lips. His eyes did not open. “Wake up, please don’t die,” she whispered.

Now she could see dry land ahead and, still clutching the prince, she swam into a pretty bay with calm clear water. Tenderly she laid the prince on the warm golden sand away from the waves. At that moment she saw some girls walking along the sands. Quickly she swam away. She covered herself with seaweed and hid behind some rocks and watched the prince anxiously. “Please wake up,” she begged.

Soon one girl noticed him and called for help. He opened his eyes and smiled at the girl who had found him. As the prince was carried away the mermaid sadly dived into the waves and swam back to the mer-king’s palace.

“What did you see?” her sisters asked. She told them nothing but all day long she dreamed quietly by herself.At night she often swam to Prince Bay as she called it, but she never saw the prince there. She became sadder each time she swam back home.

The mermaid now had only one wish – to be a human. She started to ask her grandmother many questions: “Do humans live for ever? Do they die like us?”

“They die,” came the reply, “only human lives are shorter than ours. We live for three hundred years then we turn into foam upon the waves. Humans have souls that live for ever in the skies.”

“Why can’t I be like that?” sighed the mermaid. “I’d like to exchange my three hundred years for one clay of human life. I’d rather live in the sky for ever than change into foam!”

“That’s no way to speak,” said her grandmother.

“Can’t I ever get this human immortal soul?” the mermaid asked over and over again until in the end her grandmother said: “There is only one way. If a man loved you more than anyone or anything else then his soul could run into you and you would be immortal. But this won’t happen because humans say that our tails are ugly. They only like something they call `legs’.”

She glided away and the little mermaid looked sad y at her lovely tail. She couldn’t forget the prince. Somehow she must become human. “I’ll ask the sea-witch to help,” she exclaimed. Off she swam to the whirlpool where the evil witch lived. ‘be waters bubbled and hissed but she dived bravely through. There was dirty grey sand everywhere and a hut made from the bones of shipwrecked sailors. Grey slugs crawled around and in the middle sat a fearsome creature.

“So, mermaid,” she cackled, “first, you want to lose your beautiful tail.

Then  you want the prince to love you and give you an immortal soul.” She laughed so horribly that even the slugs scuttled away. “I’ll mix something for you to drink when you’ve reached the shore. Your tail will shrink and divide into two funny things called legs. You will have a terrible pain like a knife cutting through you and this pain will never leave you. You will always be beautiful and you’ll be the best dancer in the world but every step you take will be painful.”

“I’ll bear anything for the prince,” the mermaid said bravely.

“There’s something else,” warned the witch, “once you’ve become a human you can never be a mermaid again. You can’t return to your father’s palace. If the prince doesn’t love you, you cannot be immortal. You will The Little Mermaid turn into foam the day after he marries someone else.”

The mermaid trembled. “I’ll do it,” she whispered.

“I haven’t finished,” the witch said. “In return for this drink I demand that you give me your voice, for it is the sweetest of all the mermaids. That shall be my payment.”

“But how will I speak and charm the prince?”

“You’re beautiful, you’ll dance, you’ll smile. Come, put out your tongue.” The little mermaid shivered but her mind was made up. From then on she could neither speak nor sing. The witch scratched a few drops of blood from her scrawny arm, added snails and worms . and poured everything into a pot. Groans, strange shapes and a horrible smell rose from the pot, then, when the liquid inside was clear, the witch handed it to her. She took it carefully and swam through the whirlpool.

She found the shore nearest to the prince’s palace and as the sun was rising she drank the magic liquid. A pain worse than a thousand sharp cuts went through her and she fainted on the sand. She woke with a jump and the terrible pain came back. She groaned inside herself then she saw the prince of her dreams gazing down at her, greatly astonished. She looked away and at once she saw that her shimmering tail had gone. Her golden hair was now covering two long and graceful legs.

“Who are you? Where did you come from?” asked the prince, but she could only smile in reply. He took her by the hand towards his palace – but exactly as the witch had said, every step was like touching red-hot metal. She could not cry out, yet she walked so gracefully that everyone gazed at her as she passed by.

The prince ordered his servants to bring rich satin and silk dresses for her. Even though she could not speak, The Little Mermaid everyone thought her the loveliest girl in the palace. She heard many girls singing sweet songs to the prince who thanked them kindly. She felt sad because she used to sing far far better than any of these girls. Some other girls started to dance. The little mermaid shook out her long hair and moved across the floor. Her steps were perfect and her hands and arms moved gracefully to the music. The prince clapped and she danced on and on though terrible pains shot through her feet.

The prince gave her a wonderful room filled with rich furniture and every day they went riding together.

The prince loved the mermaid but he did not think of marrying her. “You are the sweetest girl I know,” he often said. “You remind me of a maiden who saved my life when my ship was wrecked. I only saw her but once yet The Little Mermaid cannot forget her. She is the only one I can truly love.”

“He little knows that I carried him through the waves to the shore, that I saved his life,” she sighed to herself.

One day the king ordered the prince to visit the kingdom of an old friend who had one daughter.

“I must obey my father,” he told the little mermaid, “but nobody can make me marry this princess. You are more like my lost love so if I must get married, I’ll marry you.” He kissed her gently.

They sailed away with many courtiers to the distant land and when they had landed they were led towards the royal palace. The princess came out to meet them.

“It is my true love,” exclaimed the prince. “You’re the one who saved my life, let us be married at once!” He kissed her hand.

“How happy I arn,” he said to the mermaid. “I know you will share my joy for I know that you love me truly.”

The little mermaid’s heart broke then. The very next clay church bells rang, trumpets sounded and fireworks went off as the prince and princess were married.

That night everyone went on board the prince’s ship and soon there was dancing and soft music. The little mermaid danced more beautifully than ever. She forgot her fearful pain for she knew this was the last night she would see the prince.

At midnight, the music stopped and the prince led his bride away. All was silent yet the little mermaid stayed awake, waiting for the dawn.

Suddenly she saw her sisters, but where was their long golden hair? “We gave our hair to the witch,” they whispered, “to make her help you. This is what she says you must do. Take this dagger and before the sun rises plunge it deep into the prince’s heart. Then your fishtail will return and The Little Mermaid you will turn into a mermaid again. Remember, it is your life or his. Hurry! Kill him quickly. Do not see the sun or it will be too late.” With this they sank beneath the waves.

The little mermaid crept inside the purple tent where the happy couple were sleeping peacefully. As she kissed the prince she held the dagger over his heart — then she hurled it far away into the sea. She looked once more at the prince then she dived into the sea where her body turned into white sparkling foam. She heard sweet music. She saw a thousand delicate shapes floating and singing around her. She felt that she was floating.

“Where am I going? Who are you?” she asked.
“We are daughters of the air,” they sung. “Mermaids are given souls if a human loves them but we can only have one if we do good deeds for three hundred years. We’ll help you to get your soul.”

She saw the prince searching for her. He gazed sadly over the sea as if he knew what had happened. Unseen, she kissed him and smiling sweetly, she rose into the golden clouds with the daughters of the air and she whispered joyfully: “In three hundred years, I shall join my prince again in Heaven.”

Sumber            : http://untukmublog.wordpress.com/tag/novel-bahasa-inggris/

PASSIVE VOICE ( TUGAS 2)

Nama               : Deby Chyntiawati

Npm                : 14209202

Kelas               : 4ea14

Mata Kuliah    : Bahasa Inggris 2

Passive and Active Voices

Verbs are also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new policy) or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new policy was approved). Computerized grammar checkers can pick out a passive voice construction from miles away and ask you to revise it to a more active construction. There is nothing inherently wrong with the passive voice, but if you can say the same thing in the active mode, do so (see exceptions below). Your text will have more pizzazz as a result, since passive verb constructions tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid actual work.

We find an overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by self-protective business interests, magniloquent educators, and bombastic military writers (who must get weary of this accusation), who use the passive voice to avoid responsibility for actions taken. Thus “Cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to children” places the burden on the ads — as opposed to “We designedthe cigarette ads to appeal especially to children,” in which “we” accepts responsibility. At a White House press briefing we might hear that “The President was advised that certain members of Congress were being audited” rather than “The Head of the Internal Revenue service advised the President that her agency was auditing certain members of Congress” because the passive construction avoids responsibility for advising and for auditing. One further caution about the passive voice: we should not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence: “The executive committeeapproved the new policy, and the calendar for next year’s meetings was revised” should be recast as “The executive committee approved the new policy and revised the calendar for next year’s meeting.”

Take the quiz (below) as an exercise in recognizing and changing passive verbs.

The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful (even recommended) in two situations:

• When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon: The unidentified victim was apparently struck during the early morning hours.
• When the actor in the situation is not important: The aurora borealis can be observed in the early morning hours.

The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing “I poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker,” we would write “Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker.” The passive voice is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of process are much more important than anyone’s taking responsibility for the action: “The first coat of primer paint is applied immediately after the acid rinse.”

We use the passive voice to good effect in a paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis from what was the object in a first sentence to what becomes the subject in subsequent sentences.

The executive committee approved an entirely new policy for dealing with academic suspension and withdrawal. The policy had been written by a subcommittee on student behavior. If students withdraw from course work before suspension can take effect, the policy states, a mark of “IW” . . . .

The paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it is appropriate that policy move from being the object in the first sentence to being the subject of the second sentence. The passive voice allows for this transition.†

Passive Verb Formation

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the “to be verb” with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: “The measure could have been killed in committee.” The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let’s take a look at the passive forms of “design.”

Tense	Subject	Auxiliary		Past Participle
		Singular	Plural
Present	The car/cars	is	are	designed.
Present perfect	The car/cars	has been	have been	designed.
Past	The car/cars	was	were	designed.
Past perfect	The car/cars	had been	had been	designed.
Future	The car/cars	will be	will be	designed.
Future perfect	The car/cars	will have been	will have been	designed.
Present progressive	The car/cars	is being	are being	designed.
Past progressive	The car/cars	was being	were being	designed.

A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say “The tin can was crushed by the gorilla.” But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: “The tin can was crushed.” Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active	Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive	An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive	Jorge was given an A.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say “He has a new car,” but we cannot say “A new car is had by him.” We can say “Josefina lacked finesse,” but we cannot say “Finesse was lacked.” Here is a brief list of such verbs*:

resemble	look like	equal	agree with
mean	contain	hold	comprise
lack	suit	fit	become

Verbals in Passive Structures

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).

• Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
• Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
• Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.

The same is true of passive gerunds.

• Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
• Object: I really don’t like being lectured to by my boss.
• Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.

With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase.

• [Having been] designed for off-road performance, the Pathseeker does not always behave well on paved highways.

Sumber : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm

conditional sentences ( type 1, 2, 3)

Nama                      : Deby Chyntiawati

Npm                        : 14209202

Kelas                      : 4ea14

Mata Kuliah     : Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 (Tugas 1)

Conditional Sentences

 

Conditional Sentences (Kalimat Pengandaian) adalah suatu bentuk kalimat majemuk yang dapat kita gunakan ketika kita ingin mengatakan bahwa sesuatu tersebut adalah suatu akibat atau konsekuensi yang tergantung pada situasi lainnya. Di dalamnya terdapat klausa pengandaian (If Clause) dan klausa akibat (Result Clause). Pada bentuk conditional sentences kita menggunakan kata “if (jika)”.

Bentuk-bentuk dan Contoh Conditional Sentences:

1. True in the Present or Future. (Benar pada waktu sekarang dan masa akan datang)
2. Untrue in the Present or Future. (Tidak benar atau berlawanan dengan kenyataan pada waktu sekarang dan masa akan datang)
3. Untrue in the Past. (Tidak benar atau berlawanan dengan kenyataan pada masa lalu)

1. Conditional type 1 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan ketika result / consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) memiliki kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya realistik untuk dipenuhi di masa depan.

Rumus Conditional Type 1

Rumus kalimat pengandaian ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

if + condition, result/consequence

if + simple present, will + bare infinitive

atau rumus tanpa menggunakan koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

will + bare infinitive + if + simple present

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless

Contoh Conditional Type 1

Beberapa contoh conditional type 1 dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini.

Kalimat	Contoh conditional type 1 dengan koma	Contoh conditional type 1 tanpa koma
(+)	If I have free time, I will go swimming.	I will go swimming if I have free time.
	If the bell rings, I’ll go home.	I’ll go home if the bell rings.
(-)	If you do not finish your homework, your teacher will be angry.	Your teacher will be angry if you do not finish your homework.
	If he doesn’t come, I won’t be angry.	I won’t be angry if he doesn’t come.
	Unless he comes, I will not be angry.	I will not be angry unless he comes.
	If he comes, I won’t be angry.	I won’t be angry if he comes.
(?)	If they invite you, will you come?	Will you come if they invite you?

1. b.      Pengertian Conditional Type 2

Conditional type 2 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan ketika result / consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) tidak memiliki atau hanya sedikit kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi dimasa sekarang (present unreal situation) atau condition-nya sulit untuk dipenuhi di masa depan (unlikely to happen).

Rumus Conditional Type 2

Rumus kalimat pengandaian ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

if + condition, result/consequence

if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive

atau rumus tanpa menggunakan koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

would/could/might + bare infinitive + if + simple past

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.

Were Menggantikan Was

Pada conditional type 2, were digunakan menggantikan was meskipun subjek yang digunakan merupakanpronoun: she, he, it, maupun kata benda tunggal. Hal ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa pengandaiannya benar-benar hanya berupa khayalan semata karena tidak condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi (present unreal situation).

if + condition, result/consequence

if + S + were, would (could/might) + bare infinitive

Contoh Conditional Type 2

Contoh conditional type 2 dengan koma :

–          If  it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.

Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari

–          If  I had much money, I would buy a sport car

Jika saya punya banyak uang, saya akan membeli sebuah mobil sport.

Contoh conditional type 2 tanpa koma :

–          He would sleep all day if it rained tomorrow

–          I would buy a sport car if I had much money

1. Conditional type 3 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan ketika result / consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) tidak ada kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya harus sudah dipenuhi di masa lalu.

Rumus Conditional Type 3

Rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.

if + condition, result/consequence

if + past perfect, would/should/could/might + bare infinitive

atau rumus tanpa menggunakan tanda baca koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

would/should/could/might + bare infinitive + if + past perfect

Contoh Conditional Type 3

Beberapa contoh conditional type 3 dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

Kalimat	Contoh Conditional type 3 dengan koma	Contoh Conditional type 3 tanpa koma
(+)	If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.	I would have attended your party if you had remembered to invite me.
(-)	If the waitress had been careful, she wouldn’t have broke many plates.	She wouldn’t have broke many plates if the waitress had been careful.
(?)	If he had asked for forgiveness, would you have forgived him?	Would you have forgived him if he had asked for forgiveness?

Sumber :

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/01/conditional-sentences.html

http://www.wordsmile.com/if-conditional-type-1

http://www.wordsmile.com/if-conditional-type-2

http://www.wordsmile.com/if-conditional-type-3